What is clear is that the productive grasses such as ryegrass are too aggressive and swamp out desirable fine grasses and flowers. It is important to get a balance between species. The general opinion is to include a reasonable number of different species in a mixture that are likely to be compatible. The objective is to create an environment for the flora to work with insects, mammals and birds. This is not something which is created instantly but which will evolve over a period of time. In former times, habitats were readily available in the form of leys which nearly always contained red clover.

Legumes are Effective
Six years ago we initiated the move to sow legumes such as red clover as pollen and nectar sources on field margins. These seeds are readily available and inexpensive so that they will be sown on large acreages giving benefits to the majority of interested parties. We are offering carefully chosen species and varieties which give maximum benefit to the environment and farmers. The seed mixture we recommend is designed to be cost effective and provide habitats which replicate the varied swards found in the past. The use of commercially available legumes, in particular, will provide nectar sources for insects and will be a big step forward on field margins where until now the majority of sites have been sown with grass only mixtures.

Mixtures for Margins
We have worked closely with farming and environmental groups and our intention is to recreate the habitats that were formerly found when traditional clover leys were widespread. These desirable habitats have been temporarily lost. They were providing support for invertebrates such as the bumblebee and farm birds. Field margins are temporary and if used properly can provide extremely good habitats.

The use of legumes such as red clover and trefoil will create appealing habitats. As this seed is inexpensive and reliable we expect this type of margin to be sown on many farms. Alternatively, wild flowers (see right) can be sown and although the seed is more expensive this type of mixture is likely to appeal to those seeking to apply for higher level payments.

Where have all the Bumble-bees gone?
Before the Second World War bumblebees were such a regular feature of the British countryside they were considered to be unworthy of special mention by entomologists. Now only six of the sixteen species on the British list are widespread with two already extinct.

Habitat Restoration
Bumblebees gather pollen and nectar from the flowers they visit. Unfortunately, under modern, intensive farming bumblebees have lost both foraging and nesting areas. Pollen and nectar species, once a central part of rotations are no longer common. By introducing margins with legumes and wild flowers we can attempt to redress the balance.